Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually changing medical practice. With recent progress in digitized data acquisition, machine learning and computing infrastructure, AI applications are expanding into areas that were previously thought to be only the province of human experts. In this Review Article, we outline recent breakthroughs in AI technologies and their biomedical applications, identify the challenges for further progress in medical AI systems, and summarize the economic, legal and social implications of AI in healthcare.

Abstract
Biomarker assays have brought significant challenges to bioanalytical laboratories that historically have provided pharmacokinetic analytical services to the drug development industry. This has largely been due to two reasons: the lack of regulatory guidance in how to validate biomarker assays and the lack of scientists in bioanalytical laboratories with experience in this clinical arena. Since biomarkers have been measured for many decades in clinical laboratories globally, this article reviews the different types of analytical laboratories and their practices and case studies will demonstrate the potential outcomes of using biomarker assays in drug development when they are not validated correctly.

Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing pandemic of new coronavirus pneumonia (corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19). The virus has a long incubation period and strong infectivity, which poses a major threat to global health and safety. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid lies at the center of rapid detection of COVID-19, which is instrumental for mitigation of the ongoing pandemic. As of August 17, 2020, The National Medical Products Administration in China has approved 15 new coronavirus nucleic acid detection kits, 10 kits of which are based on reverse transcription-real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology. The remaining kits use five molecular diagnostic technologies different from RT-qPCR. This article reviews the principles, reaction time, advantages and disadvantages of above 15 detection kits, in order to provide references for rapid screening, diagnosis, prevention and control of COVID-19 and similar infectious diseases.